At the end of World War II Germany was in ruins. Over two-thirds of Bayreuth had been destroyed, and hordes of refugees from the East were streaming into the small town. By some miracle, the Festspielhaus was one of the few public buildings not destroyed by the bombing. The American occupying forces began using it for religious services as well as for shows to entertain the troops. By 1946, it was fairly clear that the Wagner Festival should be revived, but how? The whole enterprise was bankrupt, the theater was in need of repair, and the majority of the costumes and sets had been destroyed, or were in storage in a salt mine, beyond reach, in the Russian zone. Wagner's operas, filled with the spirit of German nationalism, had been turned into weapons of propaganda by the Third Reich. Hitler had been a personal friend of the Wagner family, and he had attended the Festival many times. In the postwar years, the Allied denazification laws had categorized Wagner's daughter-in-law and heir to the festival, Winifred, as a "major Nazi offender." In order for the Festival to be resurrected into a new era, Winifred turned the theater and the Festival's assets to her sons, Wieland and Wolfgang. The brothers agreed on a division of labor according to their strengths: Wolfgang was responsible for the financial side, and Wieland for the artistic. |
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What Wieland Wagner accomplished was a revolution and a revelation. His stage design completely shattered preconceived artistic notions and over one hundred years of traditional staging orthodoxy. After this groundbreaking production, Wagner's works would never again be presented in the same manner. His brilliant concept completely did away with Wagner's stage directions and scenic suggestions, and instead presented Parsifal as a stark, symbolic piece with costumes that reminded audiences more of Hellenic Greece than Teutonic medieval myth. The sets paid homage to the early twentieth century scenic experiments of visionary designer Adolphe Appia. As a result of this bold achievement, the unfortunate series of events that had linked Wagner's work to the Third Reich were completely destroyed. The 1951 Parsifal would become one of the most important opera productions in the twentieth century . As the first production of "New Bayreuth," as the style came to be known, this Parsifal originated many of the stylistic trademarks that would come to define Wieland's work. There was the inventive and effective use of light and darkness, the stark simplification of costumes, the reduction of setting to a minimalist level, the transformation of the characters into symbolic manifestations of themselves, and finally, and perhaps most important of all for 1951, the "denazification" of the operas by removing anything "German" in the visual plane of the work. |
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